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Antibodies are routinely engineered for higher affinity using a variety of different molecular techniques that typically incorporate mutagenesis leading to changes in the primary amino acid sequence, alongside methodologies for selecting the improved variant. In the case of antibody affinity maturation, examples of affinity gains of greater than >10,000-fold and final dissociation constants (KD) in the low picomolar range have been described using different display technologies. IL-1RI is an 80 kDa membrane-associated protein and a member of the IL-1R/Toll-like receptor (TLR) superfamily. IL-1RI has three ligands, interleukin-1alpha (IL-1α) , interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) , and an inhibitory ligand, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). And IL-1RI is also a potential target for therapeutic blockade.