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Protein A and G are popular choices for antibody purification, because they are both stable and target selective. IgG class antibodies from multiple species bind to protein A and/or G, allowing antibody to be captured on protein-bound beads. Protein A and G bind IgG subtypes with varying affinities, determined by species and the properties of the heavy chain. Protein A and protein G bind with high affinity and specificity to Fc region of immunoglobulins from many of mammalian species, most notably IgGs. IgGs from most species bind to Protein G at near physiological pH and ionic strength with a higher affinity than IgG binding to Protein A.