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In recent years, biomarkers have been extensively investigated for use in disease diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and assessing the prognosis of diseases. Once released from the source of the disease, biomarkers, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites, may spread to the blood, urine, tears, and saliva. In particular, protein biomarkers in human blood, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), have been widely used as diagnostic indicators for cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetic eye disease. The concentrations of TNF-α in blood are generally lower than 40 pg/mL for healthy humans, while significantly increase to about 300 pg/mL for patients with severe diseases.