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Carbonic anhydrases are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Carbonic anhydrases are involved in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorbtion, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid. Carbonic anhydrase 12 (CA12) is a type I membrane protein that is highly expressed in normal tissues such as the kidney, colon, and pancreas, and overexpressed in 10% of renal clear cell carcinomas. Two transcription variants encoding different isomers of CA12 have been identified. Since sweating depletes salt, the researchers believe the mutation in CA12 is linked to an autosomal recessive condition called hyponatremia.