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Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a protein encoded by the ciliary neurotrophic factor gene in humans. Human CNTF is a single-stranded polypeptide with 200 amino acid (aa) residues and a molecular weight of 22.7 kDa. The protein encoded by the gene is a polypeptide hormone whose role is limited to promoting the synthesis of neurotransmitters in the nervous system and the axonal growth of certain groups of neurons. CNTF is a potent survival factor for neurons and oligodendrocytes and may be involved in reducing tissue destruction during inflammatory episodes. It has been shown that CNTF can also be expressed in bone surface cells and reduce the activity of osteoblasts.