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Neuropilins (NRPs) are single-transmembrane, non-tyrosine kinase surface glycoproteins that exist in all vertebrates and are highly conserved across species. Two homologous NRP isoforms, NRP1 and NRP2, encoded by different genes, are known to exist, and these two NRPs were originally discovered as neuronal adhesion molecules. They were later found to be related to vascular biology, and normal embryonic vascular development requires NRP1 and NRP2 to participate in the formation of small lymphatic vessels and capillaries. Studies in the past 10 years have shown that NRP is a multifunctional protein involved in various biological processes besides neural and vascular development, among which NRP1 plays a major role in immunity and tumorigenesis.