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Colistin is one of the last-line therapeutic agents against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), including Klebsiella pneumoniae. To assess the relationship between upregulation of the pmrHFIJKLM and pmrCAB operons and colistin resistance, RT-qPCR analysis was used to quantify the transcript levels of the pmrK and pmrC genes encoding LPS target modifying enzymes.