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Cell transfection is the technique of introducing exogenous molecules (e.g. DNA, RNA, etc.) into eukaryotic cells. Currently, it has become the most frequently involved basic method in laboratory work and is a routine tool for studying regulation of gene expression, mutation analysis, etc. Transfection methods can be broadly classified into three types of pathways: physically mediated (e.g., electroporation, microinjection, and gene gun), chemically mediated (liposomes and their substitutes, calcium phosphate, etc.), and biologically mediated (various types of viruses, including adenovirus, lentivirus, retrovirus, adeno-associated virus, etc.).