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According to the different distribution of cysteine residues, scientists divided chemokines into four main subfamilies: CXC, CC, CX3C, and XC. Among them, the structure of the CX3C chemokine is that there are three amino acids between two cysteine, which is called CX3C chemokine (or d-chemokine). The only CX3C chemokine discovered to date is called fractalkine (or CX3CL1). It can both secrete and bind to the surface of cells that express it, so it is both a chemotactic agent and an adhesion molecule.