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Liver cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Early diagnosis is of great importance for reducing death rates due to liver cancer. The ideal biomarker is one that can be detected with good sensitivity and specificity in a biological sample from the patient in a less-invasive manner (e.g. blood, sputum or urine). For liver cancer, blood represents the best source for the detection of biomarkers. The most widely used serum diagnostic test for liver cancer is that for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) but clinicians are not satisfied with its ability to act as a biomarker because of the low sensitivity and specificity of the test.