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Melanoma is one of the more common and important cancers, and its incidence continues to increase. Prognosis for patients with advanced melanoma varies from country to country, but early diagnosis can significantly reduce mortality. Sun exposure is a major risk factor for melanoma, and it has been confirmed that different genetic changes are associated with melanoma. Examples include germline mutations in CDKN2A, mutations in mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade pathways, BRAF and NRAS mutations, KIT mutations, GNAQ and GNA11 mutations.