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Characterization of an unknown microwave signal is important in high speed communications, radar detection, and space exploration fields, etc. Among them, the spectrum analysis and instantaneous frequency measurement (IFM) are widely used in radar warning receivers, anti-stealth defense, and electronic intelligence systems. Compared to the signal source analyzer, the IFM technique is able to determine the instantaneous frequency (i.e. spectrum changing with time) of an unknown signal with the use of low-cost and low-speed photodetectors instead of expensive electronic receivers.