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Effusion fluids in cancer patients can arise in the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal space. Pathologic accumulation of such fluid is driven by different forces, among which are ‘paraneoplastic’ effects triggered directly or indirectly by tumour cells.
Diagnosis of malignant cells in effusions is important for staging procedures and resulting therapeutic decisions. Cytodiagnostics in effusions is sometimes difficult since reactive mesothelial cells can mimic malignant cells.