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α-Hydroxy acids represent one of the most important classes of chiral compounds in nature. Lactic acid, for example, is a key intermediate and end product, respectively, of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic metabolism. In humans, abnormal accumulation of α-hydroxy acids in serum and urine is usually the result of an inherited autosomal recessive disorder causing an enzyme deficiency; however, lactic acidosis, the accumulation of lactic acid in the blood, can also be a potential side-effect of some anti-HIV drugs or be caused by increased bacterial fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract.