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Aptamers are short nucleotide oligomers selected and isolated by the Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) technique to present high specificity and affinity for a large variety of targets ranging from ions and small molecules to whole cells. Their ability to selectively recognize and bind targets recommends them as promising alternatives to antibodies for scientific and medical purposes. Aptamers have been investigated as potential analytical and diagnostic tools with approaches and technologies that traditionally employ antibodies as recognition elements. Compared to antibodies, DNA aptamers are cost effective, present similar specificity and affinity for targets, have greater stability either lyophilized or in solution at room temperature, and are readily amenable to chemical modifications.