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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, also known as endotoxin) is the major component of the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria and it can activate the host defense system of most organisms.<br />Lipopolysaccharides can have substantial impacts on human health, primarily through interactions with the immune system. LPS is a potent activator of the immune system and pyrogen (agent that causes fever). In severe cases, LPS can play a role in causing septic shock. In lower levels and over a longer time period, there is evidence LPS may play an important and harmful role in autoimmunity, obesity, depression, and cellular senescence.