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CD40 is a 48kda type I transmembrane protein, which is an important immune cell communication mediator connecting innate immunity and adaptive immunity. CD40 is present on platelets, B cells and myeloid cells, but also on non-hematopoietic cells such as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and even some types of tumor cells. The cognate ligand of CD40 is CD154 (TNFSF5/CD40L), a 39 kDa type II transmembrane protein. CD40L expression is usually inducible and restricted to cells of the hematopoietic system, such as platelets, granulocytes, activated T cells, activated B cells, and activated natural killer (NK) cells, but is also weakly expressed by endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells.