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Interleukin 9, also known as IL-9, is a pleiotropic cytokine (cell signalling molecule) belonging to the group of interleukins. IL-9 is produced by variety of cells like mast cells, NKT cells, Th2, Th17, Treg, ILC2, and Th9 cells in different amounts. Among them, Th9 cells are regarded as the major CD4+ T cells that produce IL-9.<br />The immunobiological function of IL-9 is bidirectional, that is, it can not only promote the occurrence and development of some diseases, but also inhibit the development of some diseases. Current studies believe that in hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases, IL-9 is a pathogenic factor; while in parasitic infection and skin transplantation, IL-9 can promote the body's elimination of pathogens and the formation of graft immune tolerance.