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S100B protein (S100B), also called S100 calcium-binding protein B, is a protein of the S-100 protein family, located on chromosome 21q22.3. It is glial-specific and is expressed primarily by but not all astrocytes, it is only expressed by the subtype of mature astrocytes that wrap the sheath vessels and by cells expressing NG2. This protein may play a role in neurite extension, melanoma cell proliferation, stimulation of Ca2+ flux, PKC-mediated phosphorylation, astrocytosis and axonal proliferation, and inhibition of microtubule assembly.