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The disease cholera, caused by cholera toxin produced by Vibrio cholerae, is responsible for over 100 000 deaths every year. When taken up by cells in the intestine, the toxin causes diarrhea, and the ganglioside GM1 (a glycolipid) has long been considered the main receptor for cholera toxin. GM1 consists of a sialic acid-containing oligosaccharide covalently attached to a ceramide lipid. In addition, Ganglioside GM1 interacts laterally with the TrkA neurotrophin receptor, enhancing its autophosphorylation in response to primary ligands such as nerve growth factor (NGF).