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SOSIP trimers have generally elicited strong autologous NAb responses, but only sporadic, inconsistent, and weak cross-NAb responses.The studies characterizing MAbs and bulk serum of SOSIP Env trimer-immunized rabbits and macaques showed that the Ab responses frequently target strain-specific glycan holes. Many vaccine-induced NAbs target epitopes that overlap those of non-NAbs. SOSIP-induced NAbs have been discovered that target the same epitope as well-known bNAbs elicited after natural HIV-1 infection, but without displaying the same potency or breadth.