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Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), also known as bone morphogenic protein, is a group of highly conserved functional proteins with similar structures, belonging to the TGF-β family. BMP can stimulate DNA synthesis and cell replication, thereby promoting the directional differentiation of mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts. BMP9 is also known as growth differentiation factor (GDF)-2. BMP9 is mainly produced by hepatic stellate cells and participates in the regulation of various biological functions, including iron ion balance, cartilage formation, angiogenesis, neuronal differentiation, glucose and lipid metabolism, etc.