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Erythropoietin (EPO), also known as erythropoietin, hematopoietin, or hematopoietin, is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted primarily by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia. It stimulates the production of red blood cells (erythropoiesis) in the bone marrow. Low levels of EPO (approximately 10 mU/mL) are constantly secreted and are sufficient to compensate for normal red blood cell turnover. Common causes of cellular hypoxia that result in elevated EPO levels (up to 10,000 mU/mL) include any anemia, as well as hypoxemia due to chronic lung disease.