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Interleukin 16 (IL-16), formerly known as lymphocyte chemoattractant factor or LCF, is a proinflammatory cytokine that is chemotactic for CD4+ T lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils. In addition to inducing chemotaxis, IL-16 upregulates the expression of IL-2 receptor and HLA-DR4, inhibits T cell receptor (TcR)/cd3-dependent activation, and promotes the inhibition of HIV-1 transcription. IL-16 is a unique cytokine with no significant sequence homology to other well-characterized cytokines or chemokines.