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M-CSF (macrophage colony-stimulating factor, CSF-1) is an essential survival factor for the proliferation and development of monocyte, macrophage and osteoclast progenitor cells. M-CSF also induces macrophages to secrete VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), thereby mediating the mobilization and neovascularization of endothelial progenitor cells. M-CSF exists in several biologically active isoforms of varying potency and stability. The full-length protein is synthesized as a transmembrane protein that can be expressed on the cell surface or further cleaved and modified in the secretory vesicle.