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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced through normal aerobic respiration and are potentially deleterious to the stability of many macromolecules. For example, the impact that ROS have on DNA can be profound, the most notably being the formation of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG). This lesion has the capacity to mispair with adenine, resulting in G:C→T:A transversion mutations that are common in somatic mutations found in human cancers, most notably being its presence in the tumor suppressor gene p53 of lung cancers.
Ribosomal protein S3 (RPS3), a component of the eukaryotic 40S ribosomal subunit, is a multifunctional protein that regulates DNA repair, apoptosis, and the innate immune response to bacterial infection.