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Graphene is a carbon-based, two-dimensional nanomaterial and consists of a single monolayer of graphite with a thickness of one atom (0.34 nm). Due to its structure, graphene exhibits extraordinary physical properties such as a high specific surface area, ultrahigh tensile strength and modulus of elasticity, and excellent electrical, optical, and thermal parameters. Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) are composed of a few layers of graphene and have a total thickness of less than 100 nm.
To achieve the necessary cement sector decarbonization, high-performance alternative binding materials with low carbon footprints should be researched and put into construction practice. Magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) appears to be one of the suitable candidates due to (a) a lower calcination temperature during the production of caustic magnesium oxide (~750 °C) in contrast with ~1450 °C in the case of the Portland clinker. MOC is an aerial binder and is formed by mixing magnesium oxide (MgO) powder with a solution of magnesium chloride (MgCl2) at a specified ratio.
The admixing of fillers and mineral admixtures will decrease the viscosity of the composite mixtures. The lowest shear stress, and thus the dynamic viscosity, exhibited the well homogenized mixture.