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To enter cells, viruses must fuse their envelope with a host cell membrane. Fusion is mediated by specific, membrane-spanning fusion proteins of which the influenza virus haemagglutinins (HA) are the best characterized.
Viral fusion proteins are attached to the membrane of enveloped viruses (a group that includes Coronaviruses, Dengue, HIV and Influenza) and catalyze fusion between the viral and host membranes, enabling the virus to insert its genetic material into the host cell.