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In photomorphogenesis of green plants phytochromes play a decisive role in perception of light and in regulating numerous responses of the plants to optimize their growth and development with respect to the light conditions of the environment. The chromoproteins are characterized by an interconvertible photoreaction between two parent states, i.e. the red-absorbing form and the physiologically active, far-red–absorbing form.
The transduction of the light-generated signal and the identification of the signal transduction pathway are still a major field in phytochrome research. While for plants a variety of pathways and participating components are discussed, phytochromes and phytochrome-like proteins in prokaryotes are thought to act as light-regulated histidine protein kinases.