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The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) is the first described naturally occurring receptor antagonist of any cytokine or hormone-like molecule. IL-1RA is a member of the IL-1 family that binds to IL-1 receptors but does not induce any intracellular response. The administration of IL-1RA blocks the effects of IL-1 in some animal models of septic shock, inflammatory arthritis, graft-versus-host disease, and inflammatory bowel disease. The preliminary results of clinical trials in humans indicate possible efficacy of IL-1RA in sepsis syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and GVHD.