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Neurofilament light chain (NFL or NEFL) is an important subunit of neuronal filament proteins (NF). As the main cytoskeleton protein of the axon of neurons, NF is highly expressed in the axon of neurons, and plays a role in maintaining the morphological stability of axons and ensuring the signal transmission of neurons. Under normal physiological conditions, the axon releases a small amount of NFL, but under pathological conditions, the amount of NFL is significantly increased. NFL in tissue fluid can spread to blood through cerebrospinal fluid, and the concentration of NFL in blood is lower than that in cerebrospinal fluid. The concentration of NFL in cerebrospinal fluid and blood is closely related to the degree of neuropathy, so NFL is used clinically as a biomarker of neuronal injury-related diseases.