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High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) was first identified as a nonhistone chromatin-binding protein that functions as a pro-inflammatory cytokine and a Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern molecule when released from necrotic cells or activated leukocytes. HMGB1 consists of two structurally similar HMG boxes that comprise the pro-inflammatory (B-box) and the anti-inflammatory (A-box) domains. The TLR4/MD-2 receptor is required for HMGB1-mediated cytokine production and the HMGB1–TLR4/MD-2 interaction is controlled by the redox state of HMGB1 isoforms.