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Viral ligand is a receptor to ligand interaction in which viruses function as specific ligands and bind to the receptors present on the cell surface. Ligand functions of the virus are provided by the specific viral proteins present on the surface of the virus.
Viruses initially stick to cell membranes through interactions unrelated to fusion proteins. The virus surfs along the fluid surface of the cell and eventually the viral fusion proteins bind to receptor molecules on the cell membrane.