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The development of a sensitive, robust and inexpensive monitoring system for the detection of GTX1/4 in shellfish is essential. Biosensors are ideal alternatives for the monitoring of marine biotoxins because they can make up for most of the shortcomings of other methods. To date, there are no reports on biosensors for GTX1/4 detection because there is no identified specific recognition molecule. Recently, a novel and versatile screening technique for aptamer development, GO-SELEX, has attracted researchers’ attention. It is an graphene oxide-based screening method,which is immobilization-free, highly efficient and cost-effective. Compared to the typical MB-SELEX, GO-SELEX has significant advantages for small molecular aptamer development. The aptamer GO18-T-d was used as a novel molecular recognition element to construct a simple, label-free and real-time optical BLI aptasensor for the detection of GTX1/4.