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IgM antibodies are secreted by B-cells in the early stages of humoral immune responses. They are present in serum as pentameric high avidity antibodies (900 kDa), comprising five monomeric IgMs (180 kDa) linked by disulfide bridges and by one molecule of the polypeptide J chain, or as monomeric transmembrane proteins on B cell surfaces. Transmembrane and secreted IgM are target molecules for the diagnosis of different diseases.
Anti-human IgM polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies are commonly used. Nanobodies are recombinant antibody fragments (15 kDa) derived from the variable domain (VHH) of a subtype of antibodies that are devoid of light chains and found in camelids. They possess salient properties as reagents for diagnostic methods, notably solubility and stability at extreme conditions of temperatures and high solvent concentrations.