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Interleukin-9 is released by helper T cells and can also be produced by T cells transformed by T cell leukemia virus 1 (HTLV-1), which is a type of T cell growth factor. It is expressed in human eosinophils, natural killer cells, Th9 cells, Th17 cells and Treg cells. In addition to stimulating the growth of T cells, it can also support the growth of hematopoietic progenitor cells, expand the response of bone marrow mast cells to IL-3, and promote various functions such as the growth of certain leukemia cell lines, thymoma cell lines, and T cells. IL-9 can stimulate airway epithelial cells (AEC) to secrete certain proteins and activate the expression of AEC mucin gene subsets, causing AEC to secrete excessive mucusIL-9 can also directly act on AEC to produce chemokines and promote the accumulation of inflammatory cells in the lungs, which is related to human asthma.