Toll-Like (TLR) Signaling Pathway Luminex Assay (CAT#: STEM-MB-0341-WXH)

Introduction

Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) are innate immune pathogen pattern recognition receptors, which can identify the proteins, nucleic acids and lipids of pathogenic microorganisms that invade the body and the intermediate products and metabolites synthesized in the reaction process, such as lipopolysaccharides of gram-negative bacteria ( LPS), peptide polysaccharides of gram-positive bacteria, double-stranded RNA of viruses, etc., are all PAMP (Pathogen-associated molecular pattern) with highly conserved molecular structure. Through the recognition of PAMP, TLR rapidly activates the intracellular signal cascade including adaptor proteins, signal complexes and transcription factor complexes, which ultimately leads to the body's production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines.

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Principle Applications Procedure Materials Notes Related Products

Principle

• MyD88-dependent TLR signal transduction pathway：
The activation of the TLR signal transduction pathway is derived from the cytoplasmic Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain, which interacts with the adaptor protein MyD88 contained in the TIR domain. After stimulation by the ligand, MyD88 attracts IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 (IRAK-4) to TLRs through the interaction of the two molecular death domains. IRAK-1 is activated by phosphorylation and interacts with TRAF6, thereby activating the IKK complex and leading to the activation of MAP kinase (JNK, p38MAPK) and NF-KB.
• MyD88 independent/TRIF (IFN-B) dependent signal transduction pathway：
The MyD88-independent pathway is activated by TRIF and TRAF3, leading to the recruitment of IKKE/TBK1, phosphorylation of IRF3 and the expression of interferon beta. The TIR domain contains adaptor proteins such as TIRAP, TRIF and TRAM. This domain can provide specificity for a single TLR signal transduction cascade, thereby regulating TLR-mediated signal transduction pathways.

Applications

To study the effect of each virus on toll-like receptor cell signaling pathway
To study the regulation mechanism of toll-like receptor cell signal pathway in disease
To study the effects of drugs or therapies on toll-like receptor cell signaling pathways

Procedure

• Luminex Multiplex Assay
• Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
• Flow cytometry (FACS analysis) technology

Notes

Detectable targets: LPS, TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR9, Tak1, IKK-α, IKK-β, ASK1, MKK4, MKK7, IRAK, NFκB, PKR, p52, p65, p50, PKC, PDK1, Akt, CBL2, Bcl10, Mail1, Carma1, TAK1, mTORC1, IKK, MKK7, MKK4, JNK2, p38MAPK, MEK1, MEK2, GADD45-α, JNK, Erk, CREB, NFAT, Fos, Rel, NF-kB, IKB, Jun, PI3K, PACT, Tpi2, PDK-1, JNKs, ABIN-2

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