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Interleukin-1 (IL-1) was first described as a protein that causes fever, called human leukocyte pyrogens. It is also known as lymphocyte activating factor. IL-1 has two agonists, IL-1α and IL-1β, and a receptor antagonist IL-1Ra. IL-1 is mainly produced by monocytes, macrophages in the blood, and various epithelial cells. Besides, endothelial cells and mesenchymal cells can also produce IL-1. IL-1 has the function of regulating immune response, inflammatory response and hematopoiesis. It is induced by various stimulating factors (including antigen, endotoxin, bacteria and viruses), plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic inflammation, and is closely related to the pathological processes of various diseases. IL-1 is also involved in the body's hematopoietic system, the response of the nervous and endocrine systems, and certain anti-tumor pathophysiological processes. In summary, monitoring IL-1 can help to understand the body's immune regulation ability, and can provide a reliable basis for disease diagnosis, therapeutic observation and prognosis.